Obesity and overweight-related diseases

Obesity: what is it?

Obesity has been a trending topic for the past few years. By definition, obesity is an important accumulation of body fat, which can result in diseases caused by overweight. According to the world health organization (who), by defining obesity, it also considers the latter as damaging to one’s health. In order to qualify whether a person suffers from obesity, we calculate their bmi (body mass index). Body mass index is a simple calculation using a person's height and weight. The formula is bmi = kg/m2 where kg is a person's weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in meters squared. The classification of an individual's weight status is determined by their Body Mass Index (BMI). If a person's BMI falls within the range of 25 to 29.9, they are categorized as overweight. Individuals with a BMI between 30 and 39.9 are classified as obese, while those whose BMI exceeds 40 fall into the category of morbidly obese. As far as children are considered, this method of calculation is not used. In this case, using the ponderal index (also known as corpulence index) would help assess the ratio of height to weight.

What is "Morbid" Obesity?

Morbid obesity is a condition characterized by an excessively high Body Mass Index (BMI), typically exceeding 40. Understanding the definition of morbid obesity is crucial, as it signifies a more severe and medically complex form of obesity. Morbid obesity goes beyond aesthetic concerns, delving into significant health implications. The term "morbid" in this context refers to the increased risk of developing life-threatening conditions and severe health complications associated with excess weight.

How is childhood obesity assessed?

Childhood obesity assessment is a comprehensive process that entails examining various factors and utilizing key measurements and indicators to gauge a child's weight status and potential health risks. To begin with, one of the primary tools for this assessment is calculating the child's Body Mass Index (BMI). Derived from a child's weight and height, BMI provides a numerical value categorizing the child as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. Additionally, healthcare professionals frequently refer to growth charts, where a child's BMI can be plotted against age and gender-specific percentiles. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of a child's growth trajectory and whether they fall within a healthy weight range. In some instances, measuring waist circumference may be included in the assessment process, as abdominal fat can indicate significant health risks. Conducting a thorough physical examination is another crucial element of childhood obesity assessment. This involves evaluating body fat distribution, checking for signs of early puberty, and examining other physical characteristics that may indicate underlying health issues related to obesity. Simultaneously, understanding a child's health history, encompassing family medical history, prenatal factors, and early feeding practices, provides valuable insights into the child's predisposition to obesity.

Furthermore, assessing a child's nutrition is imperative. This includes analyzing dietary habits, nutrient intake, and the overall quality of the child's diet. Identifying patterns of unhealthy eating guides interventions and recommendations for parents. Evaluating a child's physical activity level is also essential in understanding their energy balance, aiding in the formulation of effective intervention strategies. The assessment process extends beyond physical measures and incorporates a psychosocial assessment. Factors such as self-esteem, body image, and emotional well-being play a crucial role in understanding the holistic impact of obesity on a child's life. In certain cases, healthcare professionals may recommend laboratory tests, such as lipid panels and glucose levels, to assess metabolic health and gain insights into potential obesity-related risks.

Recognizing the importance of parental involvement, parents and caregivers are integral to the assessment process. Involving them in discussions about the child's lifestyle, dietary choices, and overall well-being ensures a collaborative approach to managing childhood obesity. In essence, childhood obesity assessment is a multifaceted process that considers various dimensions, providing a comprehensive understanding of a child's weight status and health risks.

How common is obesity?

Obesity has become a pervasive health issue in the targeted regions of Royaume and Canada, reaching alarming levels that demand urgent attention. To address this complex problem effectively, it is imperative to comprehend the commonality of obesity, guiding the formulation of public health policies and interventions tailored to the unique challenges faced by these populations. The term obesity transcends mere medical classification; it has evolved into a societal concern with profound implications for individuals and communities alike. The global surge in obesity rates in recent years has prompted a closer examination of its prevalence in different regions, including Royaume and Canada. A stark reality emerges when examining the numbers associated with obesity, revealing a significant portion of the population falling into the category of obese individuals. This is not solely a matter of personal choices but often reflects broader societal trends, lifestyle changes, and environmental factors influencing eating habits and physical activity levels. In the battle against obesity, organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) play a pivotal role. By monitoring and reporting on the prevalence of obesity, these entities provide a comprehensive view of the health landscape. This information is invaluable for policymakers and healthcare professionals in devising effective strategies to address the challenges posed by widespread obesity. Given the scale of the issue, there is an urgent need for robust control measures. Understanding the commonality of obesity allows for the identification of effective interventions, whether they involve policy changes, community initiatives, or targeted healthcare programs. A definition of a control measure encompasses actions and policies implemented to curb the rising tide of obesity. This could include educational campaigns, regulatory measures, and initiatives promoting healthier lifestyles.

In understanding the commonality of obesity, it's crucial to consider the disadvantages of using convenience sampling in research. This method might not fully capture the diversity of the population, potentially skewing perceptions of the true prevalence of obesity. Therefore, a more comprehensive and nuanced approach to research methodologies is essential for gaining a thorough understanding of the obesity epidemic and formulating effective interventions.

Obesity: what are the risks?

Obesity can cause several diseases:

Obesity and cardiovascular diseases

Excess body weight places an additional burden on the cardiovascular system.The impact of overweight on blood pressure and cholesterol levels becomes higher; therefore augmenting risks of strokes.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes

Numerous studies have demonstrated a clear link between obesity and the onset of type 2 diabetes. In many instances, obesity serves as a precursor to the development of this metabolic disorder. One notable consequence is the frequent occurrence of insulin resistance, a condition where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin. Elevated blood sugar levels ensue, contributing to the heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Obesity and cancer

Many types of cancer were precisely associated with obesity and overweight such as colon cancer, breast cancer and ovarian cancer.

Obesity and arthrosis

Weight significantly influences joint function, playing a crucial role in articulations. As body weight increases, the stress on joints intensifies, making movements involving the knees and lower back more challenging. Consequently, the joints and musculoskeletal structures bear the brunt of this added weight, ultimately contributing to the development of conditions like osteoarthritis and back pain.

Obesity and gout

As far as gout is concerned, numerous studies have shown that this disease is more frequent for people suffering from overweight problems. Gout is a common form of arthritis that is characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in the joints. This disease can even cause an incapacity for moving.

Obesity and breathing difficulties

Sleep apnoea and asthma are among the health problems that overweight people encounter. Others diseases that also affect obese people are osteoarthritis and impairment of the gallbladder.

What causes obesity?

Obesity is a multifaceted condition influenced by a variety of factors. Understanding the causes of obesity is crucial for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies. In the context of dental health, it's essential to explore these causes in detail. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in obesity, with individuals having a family history of obesity being more susceptible. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the genetic roots of obesity when assessing dental health risks. On the other hand, the environment in which individuals live can contribute to obesity. Factors such as access to healthy food, opportunities for physical activity, and socio-economic status are all environmental influences that can impact weight and oral health.

Sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary habits are major contributors to obesity, emphasizing the need for promoting healthier behaviors to prevent weight-related complications during dental procedures. Moreover, emotional and psychological factors can lead to overeating and unhealthy eating patterns. Examining the psychological roots of obesity is essential when considering the impact on mental well-being and the potential connection to oral health. Hormones play a crucial role in regulating appetite and metabolism. Understanding how hormonal imbalances may contribute to obesity is essential, especially for individuals undergoing dental implant procedures, as hormonal factors can influence healing processes. Additionally, certain medications and medical conditions can contribute to weight gain. Exploring the relationship between medications, medical conditions, and obesity is important for individuals managing both their weight and dental health.

The promotion of unhealthy foods through marketing and advertising can influence dietary choices, underscoring the need for public health campaigns to counteract negative influences on weight and oral health. Sedentary behaviors associated with screen time contribute to obesity, particularly in regions like Royaume and Canada, where technological advancements may impact lifestyle choices. Shifts in work patterns, including long hours and sedentary jobs, can contribute to weight gain, highlighting the importance of promoting workplace wellness to address both weight and oral health. Lack of sleep and fatigue can disrupt hormonal balance and contribute to weight gain, affecting the overall health and well-being of individuals undergoing dental implant procedures.

Obesity: which solutions to consider?

First, it is important to check that obesity is not necessarily caused by a sedentary lifestyle or malnutrition; as healthy eating and exercising help reduce any obesity-related risks. It is recommended by all doctors to regularly consume 5 fruits and vegetables per day. It is also recommended not to consume junk food or industrial foodstuffs filled with colouring and chemical inputs. Food that is highly rich in sugar should be also avoided; as it systematically leads to weight gain. Sugar-rich food that must be avoided is: sodas, energetic drinks, juices that contain added sugar, etc. It is also recommended to drinks a lot of water; as it is the sole drink that does not contain any calories or sugar and is good for the health.It is advised to consume low-fat drinks like milk and other beverages that do not contain sugar like coffee or tea. If you have tried maintaining a healthy lifestyle through moderate or strict dieting and exercising, and still suffer from obesity or overweight, then your morphology is somewhat hereditary.

In this case, it is recommended to treat your obesity, especially if it is the cause of several serious and chronic diseases that you have (as in the case of type 2 diabetes). One way to treat obesity or overweight in the latter case is through bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery is considered as an efficient and permanent treatment for weight loss. Among the techniques adopted in bariatric surgery, we can cite: